Tamoxifen is a medication that blocks the female hormone estrogen in the body. For more than 30 years, doctors have prescribed it to fight breast cancer tumors that depend on estrogen to grow.
How does tamoxifen work?
Some breast cancer cells are sensitive to estrogen. They need it to grow and spread. In order to fuel that growth, estrogen must attach itself to those breast cancer cells.
Doctors think that tamoxifen stops estrogen from attaching to the cell. No estrogen means no growth for these types of breast cancer cells.
Why do doctors prescribe tamoxifen?
There are different reasons, including:
- To treat breast cancer and reduce risk of recurrence after surgery or radiation
- To treat cancer in one breast and reduce the risk of the disease in the other breast
- To prevent invasive breast cancer in women at high-risk
- To treat the earliest stage of breast cancer, called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), after surgery and radiation
- To prompt ovulation in women with fertility problems
- To treat other cancers such as ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, melanoma, and brain tumors
In higher than normal doses, tamoxifen may even kill some breast cancer cells that don’t depend on estrogen.
An advantage of tamoxifen over other estrogen-blocking drugs is that it can be used in premenopausal and post-menopausal women.
How does tamoxifen prevent breast cancer?
Women who have no history of breast cancer can take tamoxifen as a way to protect them from getting the disease. This drug reduces the risk of breast cancer in two ways:
- It blocks estrogen from working on cancer cells that are sensitive to the hormone.
- It blocks estrogen from acting on cells that are not cancerous.
In a study of more than 13,000 women at high risk for breast cancer, scientists found that women who took tamoxifen for 5 years had fewer breast cancers than women who took a placebo.
Another study by the National Cancer Institute found about a 50% reduction in breast cancer cases among women at high risk who took tamoxifen. The study also found another plus for the medicine -- it reduced the chance of fractures of the hip, wrist, and spine from the bone-thinning condition osteoporosis.
What are the side effects of tamoxifen?
Despite the evidence that tamoxifen reduces the risk of developing breast cancer, the drug is not widely used for breast cancer prevention because it has not been found to improve survival when taken as a preventive drug. It also comes with a small but serious risk of side effects, including:
- Blood clots
- Strokes
- Heart disease
- Uterine cancer
- Cataracts
Milder side effects include symptoms that are similar to menopause, such as:
- Vaginal dryness
- Hot flashes
- Leg cramps
- Joint pain
Tamoxifen may also cause irregular periods and sexual problems.
When a woman takes tamoxifen to treat breast cancer, most doctors agree that the benefits of the drug are much greater than the possible risks of taking it.
If you’ve been diagnosed with breast cancer or you’re at high risk for the disease, talk with your doctor to see if tamoxifen is right for you. Together, you can weigh the benefits and risks of this drug to make sure you get the healthiest result.
