PASSIONFLOWER: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews

Overview

Passion flower (Passiflora incarnata) is a climbing vine with white and purple flowers. The chemicals in passion flower have calming effects.

Passion flower is native to the southeastern United States and Central and South America. It's been traditionally used to help with sleep.

People use passion flower for anxiety, including anxiety before surgery. Some people also take passion flower for insomnia, stress, ADHD, pain, and many other conditions. But there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses. In some foods and beverages, passion flower is added for flavoring.

Uses & Effectiveness

Possibly Effective for

Anxiety. Taking passion flower by mouth can reduce symptoms of anxiety. It might work as well as some prescription medications.
Insomnia. Taking passion flower by mouth can modestly improve the total amount of time spent asleep.
Anxiety before a procedure. Taking passion flower by mouth can reduce anxiety when taken 30-90 minutes before surgery. In fact, it might work as well as some other treatments for anxiety before surgery, such as melatonin or midazolam. But it might also interact with some anesthesia drugs, so don't use passion flower before surgery unless recommended by a healthcare provider.

There is interest in using passion flower for a number of other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful.

Side Effects

When taken by mouth: Passion flower is likely safe for most people when used as a flavoring in foods. It's possibly safe when taken as a tea for 7 nights, or as a medicine for up to 8 weeks. It may cause side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, and confusion.

When applied to the skin: There isn't enough reliable information to know if passion flower is safe or what the side effects might be.

Special Precautions and Warnings

Pregnancy : Passion flower is possibly unsafe when taken by mouth during pregnancy. It might lead to early labor and other problems. There are some chemicals in the passion flower plant that might cause the uterus to contract. Don't use passion flower if you are pregnant.

Breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to know if passion flower is safe to use when breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

Children: Passion flower is possibly safe for most children when taken by mouth for short periods of time. A specific passion flower product (Pasipay by Iran Darouk Pharmaceutical Company) has been used safely in children aged 6-13 years for up to 8 weeks.

Surgery: Passion flower might slow down the nervous system. Anesthesia and other medications used before and after surgery can also slow down the nervous system. Taking them together might slow down the nervous system too much. Talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking passion flower within 2 weeks of a scheduled surgery.

Interactions

Moderate Interaction

Be cautious with this combination

Sedative medications (CNS depressants) interacts with PASSIONFLOWER
Passion flower might cause sleepiness and slowed breathing. Some medications, called sedatives, can also cause sleepiness and slowed breathing. Taking passion flower with sedative medications might cause breathing problems and/or too much sleepiness.

Minor Interaction

Be watchful with this combination

Medications moved by pumps in cells (Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide Substrates) interacts with PASSIONFLOWER
Some medications are moved in and out of cells by pumps. Passion flower might change how these pumps work and change how much medication stays in the body. In some cases, this might change the effects and side effects of a medication.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates) interacts with PASSIONFLOWER
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Passion flower might change how quickly the liver breaks down these medications. This could change the effects and side effects of these medications.

Dosing

Passion flower extract products typically provide 250-900 mg per dose. But there isn't enough reliable information to know what an appropriate dose of passion flower might be. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult a healthcare professional before using.

View References

REFERENCES:

Al Majed, A. A., Al Yahya, A. A., Al Bekairi, A. M., Al Shabanah, O. A., and Qureshi, S. Studies on the cytological and biochemical effects of valerian in somatic and germ cells of Swiss albino mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2006;44(11):1830-1837. View abstract.

Alkharfy, K. M. and Frye, R. F. Effect of valerian, valerian/hops extracts, and valerenic acid on glucuronidation in vitro. Xenobiotica 2007;37(2):113-123. View abstract.

Boeters VU. [On treatment of control disorders of the autonomic nervous system with valepotriaten (Valmane)]. MMW 1969;37:1873-1876.

Bounthanh, C., Bergmann, C., Beck, J. P., Haag-Berrurier, M., and Anton, R. Valepotriates, a new class of cytotoxic and antitumor agents. Planta Med. 1981;41(1):21-28. View abstract.

Bounthanh, C., Richert, L., Beck, J. P., Haag-Berrurier, M., and Anton, R. The action of valepotriates on the synthesis of DNA and proteins of cultured hepatoma cells. Planta Med. 1983;49(3):138-142. View abstract.

Brattstrom, A. Scientific evidence for a fixed extract combination (Ze 91019) from valerian and hops traditionally used as a sleep-inducing aid. Wien.Med Wochenschr. 2007;157(13-14):367-370. View abstract.

Cavadas, C., Araujo, I., Cotrim, M. D., Amaral, T., Cunha, A. P., Macedo, T., and Ribeiro, C. F. In vitro study on the interaction of Valeriana officinalis L. extracts and their amino acids on GABAA receptor in rat brain. Arzneimittelforschung. 1995;45(7):753-755. View abstract.

Cerny AS and Schmid K. Tolerability and efficacy of valerian/lemon balm in healthy volunteers; a double blind placebo controlled, multicentre study. Fitoterapia 1999;70(3):221-228.

Chen, J. H., Chao, Y. H., Lu, S. F., Shiung, T. F., and Chao, Y. F. The effectiveness of valerian acupressure on the sleep of ICU patients: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Nurs.Stud. 2012;49(8):913-920. View abstract.

Delsignore R, Orlando S, Costi D, Baroni MC, and Butturini. Placebo controlled clinical trial with valerian. Settimana Medica 1980;68(9):437-447.

Dimpfel, W., Brattstrom, A., and Koetter, U. Central action of a fixed Valerian-hops extract combination (Ze 91019) in freely moving rats. Eur J Med Res 11-30-2006;11(11):496-500. View abstract.

Dimpfel, W., Koch, K., and Weiss, G. Early effect of NEURAPAS(R) balance on current source density (CSD) of human EEG. BMC.Psychiatry 2011;11:123. View abstract.

Dominguez, R. A., Bravo-Valverde, R. L., Kaplowitz, B. R., and Cott, J. M. Valerian as a hypnotic for Hispanic patients. Cultur.Divers.Ethni.Minor.Psychol. 2000;6(1):84-92. View abstract.

Dressing H, Kohler S, and Muller WE. Improvement in sleep quality with a high dose valerian-melissa preparation. Psychopharmakotherapie 1996;3:123-130.

Dressing H. Valerian combination therapy vs. benzodiazepine: same efficacy in the treatment of sleeping disorders? Therapiewoche 1992;42(12):726-736.

Friede, M., Liske, E., Woelk, H., and Wustenberg, P. Pflanzliche Wirkstoffe gegen Schlafstorungen. Tw Neurologie Psychiatrie 1997;11(10):697-700.

Fussel, A., Wolf, A., and Brattstrom, A. Effect of a fixed valerian-Hop extract combination (Ze 91019) on sleep polygraphy in patients with non-organic insomnia: a pilot study. Eur J Med Res 9-18-2000;5(9):385-390. View abstract.

Gerhard, U., Hobi, V., Kocher, R., and Konig, C. [Acute sedatiing effect of a herbal tranquilizer compared to that of bromazepam]. Schweiz.Rundsch.Med.Prax. 12-27-1991;80(52):1481-1486. View abstract.

Gerhard, U., Linnenbrink, N., Georghiadou, C., and Hobi, V. Vigilanzmindernde Effekte zweier pflazlicher Schlafmittel (Effects of two plant-based sleep remedies on vigilance). Schweiz.Rundsch.Med.Prax. 4-9-1996;85(15):473-481. View abstract.

Gessner B, Klasser M, and Völp A. [Long term effect of a valerian extract (harmonicum much) in persons with sleep disorders]. Therapiewoche 1983;33:5547-5558.

Gessner, B. and Klasser, M. [Studies on the effect of Harmonicum Much on sleep using polygraphic EEG recordings]. EEG.EMG.Z.Elektroenzephalogr.Elektromyogr.Verwandte.Geb. 1984;15(1):45-51. View abstract.

Giedke, H. and Breyer-Pfaff, U. Critical evaluation of the effect of valerian extract on sleep structure and sleep quality. Pharmacopsychiatry 2000;33(6):239. View abstract.

Han, Z. Z., Yan, Z. H., Liu, Q. X., Hu, X. Q., Ye, J., Li, H. L., and Zhang, W. D. Acylated iridoids from the roots of Valeriana officinalis var. latifolia. Planta Med 2012;78(15):1645-1650. View abstract.

Herrera-Arellano, A., Luna-Villegas, G., Cuevas-Uriostegui, M. L., Alvarez, L., Vargas-Pineda, G., Zamilpa-Alvarez, A., and Tortoriello, J. Polysomnographic Evaluation of the Hypnotic Effect of Valeriana edulis Standardized Extract in Patients Suffering from Insomnia. Planta Med 2001;67(8):695-699. View abstract.

Houghton, P. J. The biological activity of Valerian and related plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 1988;22(2):121-142. View abstract.

Hubner, R., van, Haselen R., and Klein, P. Effectiveness of the homeopathic preparation Neurexan compared with that of commonly used valerian-based preparations for the treatment of nervousness/restlessness - an observational study. ScientificWorldJournal. 2009;9:733-745. View abstract.

Jansen W. Doppelblindstudie mit Baldrisedon. Therapiewoche 1977;27:2779-2786.

Kamm-Kohl AV, Jansen W, and Brockmann P. Moderne baldriantherapie gegen nervöse Störungen im Senium. Medwelt 1984;35:1450-1454.

Khom, S., Baburin, I., Timin, E., Hohaus, A., Trauner, G., Kopp, B., and Hering, S. Valerenic acid potentiates and inhibits GABA(A) receptors: molecular mechanism and subunit specificity. Neuropharmacology 2007;53(1):178-187. View abstract.

Kim-Kohl AV, Jansen W Brickman P. Modern Baldriantherapie gegen nervöse Störungen im Senium. Die Medizinische Welt 1984;35:1450-1454.

Komori, T., Matsumoto, T., Motomura, E., and Shiroyama, T. The sleep-enhancing effect of valerian inhalation and sleep-shortening effect of lemon inhalation. Chem Senses 2006;31(8):731-737. View abstract.

Leathwood, P. D. and Chauffard, F. Quantifying the effects of mild sedatives. J Psychiatr.Res 1982;17(2):115-122. View abstract.

Lin, S., Zhang, Z. X., Chen, T., Ye, J., Dai, W. X., Shan, L., Su, J., Shen, Y. H., Li, H. L., Liu, R. H., Xu, X. K., Wang, H., and Zhang, W. D. Characterization of chlorinated valepotriates from Valeriana jatamansi. Phytochemistry 2013;85:185-193. View abstract.

Management of insomnia: a place for traditional herbal remedies. Prescrire.Int. 2005;14(77):104-107. View abstract.

Mennini T, Bernasconi P, Bombardelli E, and et al. In vitro study on the interaction of extracts and pure compounds from Valeriana officinalis roots with GABA, benzodiazepine and barbiturate receptors in rat brain. Fitoterapia 1993;64(4):291-300.

Morazzoni P and Bombardelli E. Valeriana officinalis: traditional use and recent evaluation of activity. Fitoterapia 1995;66(2):99-112.

Muller, Z., Sarkany, A., Altorjay, A., Szilagyi, A., Tura, T., and Ozsvar, Z. [Liver failure a la Eastern Europe]. Orv.Hetil. 3-22-2009;150(12):555-557. View abstract.

National Toxicology Program, US Department of Health and Human Services. Chemical Information Review Document for Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) [CAS No. 8057-49-6] and Oils [CAS No. 8008-88-6]. 2009;

Navarrete, A., Avula, B., Choi, Y. W., and Khan, I. A. Chemical fingerprinting of valeriana species: simultaneous determination of valerenic acids, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J AOAC Int 2006;89(1):8-15. View abstract.

Brown, E., Hurd, N. S., McCall, S., and Ceremuga, T. E. Evaluation of the anxiolytic effects of chrysin, a Passiflora incarnata extract, in the laboratory rat. AANA.J 2007;75(5):333-337. View abstract.

Dhawan, K., Kumar, S., and Sharma, A. Comparative biological activity study on Passiflora incarnata and P. edulis. Fitoterapia 2001;72(6):698-702. View abstract.

Nassiri-Asl, M., Shariati-Rad, S., and Zamansoltani, F. Anticonvulsant effects of aerial parts of Passiflora incarnata extract in mice: involvement of benzodiazepine and opioid receptors. BMC.Complement Altern Med 2007;7:26. View abstract.

Rickels, K. and Hesbacher, P. T. Over-the-counter daytime sedatives. A controlled study. JAMA 1-1-1973;223(1):29-33. View abstract.

Smith, G. W., Chalmers, T. M., and Nuki, G. Vasculitis associated with herbal preparation containing Passiflora extract. Br J Rheumatol. 1993;32(1):87-88. View abstract.

Soulimani, R., Younos, C., Jarmouni, S., Bousta, D., Misslin, R., and Mortier, F. Behavioural effects of Passiflora incarnata L. and its indole alkaloid and flavonoid derivatives and maltol in the mouse. J Ethnopharmacol. 1997;57(1):11-20. View abstract.

Von Eiff M, Brunner H, Haegeli A, and et al. Hawthorn / passion flower extract and improvement in physical exercise capacity of patients with dyspnoea Class II of the NYHA functional classifications. Acta Therapeutica 1994;20:47-66.

Wolfman, C., Viola, H., Paladini, A., Dajas, F., and Medina, J. H. Possible anxiolytic effects of chrysin, a central benzodiazepine receptor ligand isolated from Passiflora coerulea. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1994;47(1):1-4. View abstract.

Yaniv, R., Segal, E., Trau, H., Auslander, S., and Perel, A. Natural premedication for mast cell proliferative disorders. J Ethnopharmacol. 1995;46(1):71-72. View abstract.

Akhondzadeh S, Kashani L, Mobaseri M, et al. Passionflower in the treatment of opiates withdrawal: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther 2001;26:369-73. View abstract.

Akhondzadeh S, Mohammadi MR, Momeni F. Passiflora incarnata in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Therapy 2005;2(4):609-14.

Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Shayeganpour A, et al. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J Clin Pharm Ther 2001;26:363-7. View abstract.

Ansseau M, Seidel L, Crosset A, Dierckxsens Y, Albert A. A dry extract of Passiflora incarnata L. (Sedanxio) as first intention treatment of patients consulting for anxiety problems in general practice. Acta Psychiatrica Belgica 2012;112(3):5-11.

Aoyagi N, Kimura R, Murata T. Studies on passiflora incarnata dry extract. I. Isolation of maltol and pharmacological action of maltol and ethyl maltol. Chem Pharm Bull 1974;22:1008-13. View abstract.

Appel K, Rose T, Fiebich B, et al. Modulation of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system by Passiflora incarnata L. Phytother Res 2011;25:838-43. View abstract.

Aslanargun P, Cuvas O, Dikmen B, Aslan E, Yuksel MU. Passiflora incarnata Linneaus as an anxiolytic before spinal anesthesia. J Anesth 2012;26(1):39-44. View abstract.

Bourin M, Bougerol T, Guitton B, Broutin E. A combination of plant extracts in the treatment of outpatients with adjustment disorder with anxious mood: controlled study vs placebo. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1997;11:127-32. View abstract.

Capasso A., Sorrentino L. Pharmacological studies on the sedative and hypnotic effect of Kava kava and Passiflora extracts combination. Phytomedicine. 2005;12:39-45. View abstract.

Carrasco MC, Vallejo JR, Pardo-de-Santayana M, et al. Interactions of Valeriana officinalis L. and Passiflora incarnata L. in a patient treated with lorazepam. Phytother Res. 2009 Dec;23:1795-6. View abstract.

Christoffoli MT, Bachesk AB, Farah GJ, Ferreira GZ. Assessment of Passiflora incarnata L for conscious sedation of patients during the extraction of mandibular third molars: a randomized, split-mouth, double-blind, crossover study. Quintessence Int 2021;52(10):868-878. View abstract.

Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Chapter 1, Subchapter B, section 172.510: Natural flavoring substances and natural substances used in conjunction with flavors. www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=172.510 (accessed 02/22/16).

da Cunha RS, Amorim KS, Gercina AC, et al. Herbal medicines as anxiolytics prior to third molar surgical extraction. A randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2020. View abstract.

Dantas LP, de Oliveira-Ribeiro A, de Almeida-Souza LM, Groppo FC. Effects of passiflora incarnata and midazolam for control of anxiety in patients undergoing dental extraction. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017;22(1):e95-e101. View abstract.

Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Anti-anxiety studies on extracts of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus. J Ethnopharmacol 2001;78:165-70.. View abstract.

Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Anxiolytic activity of aerial and underground parts of Passiflora incarnata. Fitoterapia 2001;72:922-6.. View abstract.

Dodd F, Kennedy D, Wightman E, et al. The chronic effects of a combination of herbal extracts (Euphytose) on psychological mood state and response to a laboratory stressor: A randomised, placebo-controlled, double blind study in healthy humans. J Psychopharmacol 2022;36(11):1243-1256. View abstract.

Dos Reis Izolan L, da Silva DM, Oliveira HBL, et al. Sintocalmy, a Passiflora incarnata Based Herbal, Attenuates Morphine Withdrawal in Mice. Neurochem Res. 2021. View abstract.

Farnsworth N, Bingel A, Cordell G, et al. Potential value of plants as sources of new antifertility agents I. J Pharm Sci 1975;64:535-98. View abstract.

Fisher AA, Purcell P, Le Couteur DG. Toxicity of Passiflora incarnata L. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000;38:63-6. View abstract.

Foster S, Tyler VE. Tyler's Honest Herbal, 4th ed., Binghamton, NY: Haworth Herbal Press, 1999.

Gralla EJ, Stebbins RB, Coleman GL, Delahunt CS. Toxicity studies with ethyl maltol. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1969;15:604-13. View abstract.

Grundmann O, Wang J, McGregor GP, Butterweck V. Anxiolytic activity of a phytochemically characterized Passiflora incarnata extract is mediated via the GABAergic system. Planta Medica 2008;74:1769-73. View abstract.

Harit MK, Mundhe N, Tamoli S Sr, et al. Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Study of Passiflora incarnata in Participants With Stress and Sleep Problems. Cureus 2024;16(3):e56530. View abstract.

Kaviani N, Tavakoli M, Tabanmehr M, Havaei R. The efficacy of Passiflora incarnata Linnaeus in reducing dental anxiety in patients undergoing periodontal treatment. J Dent (Shiraz) 2013;14(2):68-72. View abstract.

Lee J, Jung HY, Lee SI, Choi JH, Kim SG. Effects of Passiflora incarnata Linnaeus on polysomnographic sleep parameters in subjects with insomnia disorder: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2020;35(1):29-35. View abstract.

Mansoor K, Qadan F, Hinum A, et al. An open prospective pilot study of a herbal combination "Relief" as a supportive dietetic measure during alcohol withdrawal. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2018 Mar 1;39(1):1-8. View abstract.

Maroo N, Hazra A, Das T. Efficacy and safety of a polyherbal sedative-hypnotic formulation NSF-3 in primary insomnia in comparison to zolpidem: a randomized controlled trial. Indian J Pharmacol 2013;45(1):34-9. View abstract.

Mazzari ALDA, Lacerda MG, Milton FA, et al. In vitro effects of European and Latin-American medicinal plants in CYP3A4 gene expression, glutathione levels, and P-glycoprotein activity. Front Pharmacol 2022;13:826395. View abstract.

Medina JH, Paladini AC, Wolfman C, et al. Chrysin (5,7-di-OH-flavone), a naturally-occurring ligand for benzodiazepine receptors, with anticonvulsant properties. Biochem Pharmacol 1990;40:2227-31. View abstract.

Meier S, Haschke M, Zahner C, et al. Effects of a fixed herbal drug combination (Ze 185) to an experimental acute stress setting in healthy men - An explorative randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Phytomedicine. 2018 Jan 15;39:85-92. View abstract.

Miroddi M, Calapai G, Navarra M, et al. Passiflora incarnata L: ethnopharmacology, clinical application, safety and evaluation of clinical trials. J Ethnopharmacol 2013;150:791-804. View abstract.

Miyasaka LS, Atallah AN, Soares BG. Passiflora for anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(1):CD004518. View abstract.

Mori A, Hasegawa K, Murasaki M, et al. Clinical evaluation of Passiflamin (passiflora extract) on neurosis - multicenter double blind study in comparison with mexazolam. Rinsho Hyoka (Clinical Evaluation) 1993;21:383-440.

Movafegh A, Alizadeh R, Hajimohamadi F, Esfehani F, Nejatfar M. Preoperative oral Passiflora incarnata reduces anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg 2008;106:1728-32. View abstract.

Ngan A, Conduit R. A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of Passiflora incarnata (Passionflower) herbal tea on subjective sleep quality. Phytother Res 2011;25:1153-9. View abstract.

Nojoumi M, Ghaeli P, Salimi S, Sharifi A, Raisi F. Effects of Passion Flower Extract, as an Add-On Treatment to Sertraline, on Reaction Time in Patients ?with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2016;11(3):191-97. View abstract.

Ozturk Z, Kalayci CC. Pregnancy outcomes in psychiatric patients treated with passiflora incarnata. Complement Ther Med. 2018 Feb;36:30-32. View abstract.

Patel SS, Mohamed Saleem TS, Ravi V, et al. Passiflora incarnata Linn: a phytopharmacological review. Int J Green Pharmacy 2009;Oct-Dec:277-80.

Rokhtabnak F, Ghodraty MR, Kholdebarin A, et al. Comparing the Effect of Preoperative Administration of Melatonin and Passiflora incarnata on Postoperative Cognitive Disorders in Adult Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery. Anesth Pain Med. 2016;7(1):e41238. View abstract.

Rommelspacher H, May T, Salewski B. (1-methyl-beta-carboline) is a natural inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1994;252:51-9.. View abstract.

Salgueiro JB, Ardenghi P, Dias M, et al. Anxiolytic natural and synthetic flavonoid ligands of the central benzodiazepine receptor have no effect on memory tasks in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997;58:887-91. View abstract.

Schäfer AM, Gilgen PM, Spirgi C, et al. Constituents of Passiflora incarnata, but Not of Valeriana officinalis, Interact with the Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides (OATP)2B1 and OATP1A2. Planta Med. 2021. View abstract.

Speroni E., Minghetti A. Neuropharmacological activity of extracts from Passiflora incarnata. Planta Med. 1988;54:488-91. View abstract.

Von Eiff M, Brunner H, Haegeli A, et al. Hawthorn / passion flower extract and improvement in physical exercise capacity of patients with dyspnoea Class II of the NYHA functional classifications. Acta Therapeutica 1994;20:47-66.

Zanardi R, Carminati M, Fazio V, Maccario M, Verri G, Colombo C. Add-On Treatment with Passiflora incarnata L., herba, during Benzodiazepine Tapering in Patients with Depression and Anxiety: A Real-World Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023;16(3):426. View abstract.

CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you.

This copyrighted material is licensed from Therapeutic Research Center, LLC. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version.
Licensed from Therapeutic Research Center, LLC
Copyright © 1995-2024 by Therapeutic Research Center, LLC. All Rights Reserved.