GRAPEFRUIT - Uses, Side Effects, and More

Grossi, L., Cappello, G., and Marzio, L. Effect of an acute intraluminal administration of capsaicin on oesophageal motor pattern in GORD patients with ineffective oesophageal motility. Neurogastroenterol.Motil. 2006;18(8):632-636. View abstract.

Gupta, P. J. Consumption of red-hot chili pepper increases symptoms in patients with acute anal fissures. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind, crossover trial. Arq Gastroenterol. 2008;45(2):124-127. View abstract.

Gupta, P. J. Consumption of red-hot chili pepper increases symptoms in patients with acute anal fissures. Ann.Ital.Chir 2008;79(5):347-351. View abstract.

Gupta, P. J. Red hot chilli consumption is harmful in patients operated for anal fissure - a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Dig.Surg. 2007;24(5):354-357. View abstract.

Hail, N., Jr. and Lotan, R. Examining the role of mitochondrial respiration in vanilloid-induced apoptosis. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 9-4-2002;94(17):1281-1292. View abstract.

Han, S. S., Keum, Y. S., Chun, K. S., and Surh, Y. J. Suppression of phorbol ester-induced NF-kappaB activation by capsaicin in cultured human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Arch.Pharm.Res. 2002;25(4):475-479. View abstract.

Hartrick, C. T., Pestano, C., Carlson, N., and Hartrick, S. Capsaicin instillation for postoperative pain following total knee arthroplasty: a preliminary report of a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Clin Drug Investig. 12-1-2011;31(12):877-882. View abstract.

Hendrix, C. R., Housh, T. J., Mielke, M., Zuniga, J. M., Camic, C. L., Johnson, G. O., Schmidt, R. J., and Housh, D. J. Acute effects of a caffeine-containing supplement on bench press and leg extension strength and time to exhaustion during cycle ergometry. J Strength.Cond.Res 2010;24(3):859-865. View abstract.

Henning, S. M., Zhang, Y., Seeram, N. P., Lee, R. P., Wang, P., Bowerman, S., and Heber, D. Antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of herbs and spices in dry, fresh and blended herb paste form. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011;62(3):219-225. View abstract.

Herbert, M. K., Tafler, R., Schmidt, R. F., and Weis, K. H. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin do not affect capsaicin-induced neurogenic inflammation in human skin. Agents Actions 1993;38 Spec No:C25-C27. View abstract.

Hiura, A., Lopez, Villalobos E., and Ishizuka, H. Age-dependent attenuation of the decrease of C fibers by capsaicin and its effects on responses to nociceptive stimuli. Somatosens.Mot.Res 1992;9(1):37-43. View abstract.

Hursel, R. and Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. Thermogenic ingredients and body weight regulation. Int J Obes.(Lond) 2010;34(4):659-669. View abstract.

Inoue, N., Matsunaga, Y., Satoh, H., and Takahashi, M. Enhanced energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans with high BMI scores by the ingestion of novel and non-pungent capsaicin analogues (capsinoids). Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem. 2007;71(2):380-389. View abstract.

Iorizzi, M., Lanzotti, V., Ranalli, G., De Marino, S., and Zollo, F. Antimicrobial furostanol saponins from the seeds of Capsicum annuum L. var. acuminatum. J.Agric.Food Chem. 7-17-2002;50(15):4310-4316. View abstract.

Irving, G. A., Backonja, M. M., Dunteman, E., Blonsky, E. R., Vanhove, G. F., Lu, S. P., and Tobias, J. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled study of NGX-4010, a high-concentration capsaicin patch, for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Pain Med. 2011;12(1):99-109. View abstract.

Irving, G., Backonja, M., Rauck, R., Webster, L. R., Tobias, J. K., and Vanhove, G. F. NGX-4010, a capsaicin 8% dermal patch, administered alone or in combination with systemic neuropathic pain medications, reduces pain in patients with postherpetic neuralgia. Clin J Pain 2012;28(2):101-107. View abstract.

Islam, M. S. and Choi, H. Dietary red chilli (Capsicum frutescens L.) is insulinotropic rather than hypoglycemic in type 2 diabetes model of rats. Phytother.Res. 2008;22(8):1025-1029. View abstract.

Jamroz, D., Wertelecki, T., Houszka, M., and Kamel, C. Influence of diet type on the inclusion of plant origin active substances on morphological and histochemical characteristics of the stomach and jejunum walls in chicken. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr.(Berl) 2006;90(5-6):255-268. View abstract.

Jancso, N., Jancso-Gabor, A., and Szolcsanyi, J. Direct evidence for neurogenic inflammation and its prevention by denervation and by pretreatment with capsaicin. Br.J.Pharmacol. 1967;31(1):138-151. View abstract.

Jensen, T. S., Madsen, C. S., and Finnerup, N. B. Pharmacology and treatment of neuropathic pains. Curr Opin.Neurol. 2009;22(5):467-474. View abstract.

Jones, N. L., Shabib, S., and Sherman, P. M. Capsaicin as an inhibitor of the growth of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. FEMS Microbiol.Lett. 1-15-1997;146(2):223-227. View abstract.

Kahl, U. [TRP channels--sensitive for heat and cold, capsaicin and menthol]. Lakartidningen 5-16-2002;99(20):2302-2303. View abstract.

Kang, J. Y., Teng, C. H., and Chen, F. C. Effect of capsaicin and cimetidine on the healing of acetic acid induced gastric ulceration in the rat. Gut 1996;38(6):832-836. View abstract.

Kang, S., Kang, K., Chung, G. C., Choi, D., Ishihara, A., Lee, D. S., and Back, K. Functional analysis of the amine substrate specificity domain of pepper tyramine and serotonin N-hydroxycinnamoyltransferases. Plant Physiol 2006;140(2):704-715. View abstract.

Katz, J. D. and Shah, T. Persistent pain in the older adult: what should we do now in light of the 2009 American geriatrics society clinical practice guideline? Pol.Arch.Med.Wewn. 2009;119(12):795-800. View abstract.

Kim, I. K., Abd El-Aty, A. M., Shin, H. C., Lee, H. B., Kim, I. S., and Shim, J. H. Analysis of volatile compounds in fresh healthy and diseased peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) using solvent free solid injection coupled with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and confirmation with mass spectrometry. J Pharm.Biomed.Anal. 11-5-2007;45(3):487-494. View abstract.

Kim, K. S. and Nam, Y. M. The analgesic effects of capsicum plaster at the Zusanli point after abdominal hysterectomy. Anesth.Analg. 2006;103(3):709-713. View abstract.

Kim, K. S., Kim, D. W., and Yu, Y. K. The effect of capsicum plaster in pain after inguinal hernia repair in children. Paediatr.Anaesth. 2006;16(10):1036-1041. View abstract.

Kim, K. S., Kim, K. N., Hwang, K. G., and Park, C. J. Capsicum plaster at the Hegu point reduces postoperative analgesic requirement after orthognathic surgery. Anesth.Analg. 2009;108(3):992-996. View abstract.

Kim, K. S., Koo, M. S., Jeon, J. W., Park, H. S., and Seung, I. S. Capsicum plaster at the korean hand acupuncture point reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting after abdominal hysterectomy. Anesth.Analg. 2002;95(4):1103-7, table. View abstract.

Knight, T. E. and Hayashi, T. Solar (brachioradial) pruritus--response to capsaicin cream. Int.J.Dermatol. 1994;33(3):206-209. View abstract.

Kobata, K., Tate, H., Iwasaki, Y., Tanaka, Y., Ohtsu, K., Yazawa, S., and Watanabe, T. Isolation of coniferyl esters from Capsicum baccatum L., and their enzymatic preparation and agonist activity for TRPV1. Phytochemistry 2008;69(5):1179-1184. View abstract.

Krogstad, A. L., Lonnroth, P., Larson, G., and Wallin, B. G. Capsaicin treatment induces histamine release and perfusion changes in psoriatic skin. Br.J.Dermatol. 1999;141(1):87-93. View abstract.

Kuda, T., Iwai, A., and Yano, T. Effect of red pepper Capsicum annuum var. conoides and garlic Allium sativum on plasma lipid levels and cecal microflora in mice fed beef tallow. Food Chem.Toxicol. 2004;42(10):1695-1700. View abstract.

Kumar, N., Vij, J. C., Sarin, S. K., and Anand, B. S. Do chillies influence healing of duodenal ulcer? Br.Med.J.(Clin.Res.Ed) 6-16-1984;288(6433):1803-1804. View abstract.

Kushnir, N. M. The role of decongestants, cromolyn, guafenesin, saline washes, capsaicin, leukotriene antagonists, and other treatments on rhinitis. Immunol.Allergy Clin North Am 2011;31(3):601-617. View abstract.

Lee, C. Y., Kim, M., Yoon, S. W., and Lee, C. H. Short-term control of capsaicin on blood and oxidative stress of rats in vivo. Phytother.Res. 2003;17(5):454-458. View abstract.

Lee, Y. S., Kang, Y. S., Lee, J. S., Nicolova, S., and Kim, J. A. Involvement of NADPH oxidase-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species in the apototic cell death by capsaicin in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Free Radic.Res 2004;38(4):405-412. View abstract.

Lejeune, M. P., Kovacs, E. M., and Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. Effect of capsaicin on substrate oxidation and weight maintenance after modest body-weight loss in human subjects. Br.J.Nutr. 2003;90(3):651-659. View abstract.

Lim, L. G., Tay, H., and Ho, K. Y. Curry induces acid reflux and symptoms in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dig.Dis.Sci 2011;56(12):3546-3550. View abstract.

Lotti, T., Teofoli, P., and Tsampau, D. Treatment of aquagenic pruritus with topical capsaicin cream. J.Am.Acad.Dermatol. 1994;30(2 Pt 1):232-235. View abstract.

Ludy, M. J. and Mattes, R. D. The effects of hedonically acceptable red pepper doses on thermogenesis and appetite. Physiol Behav. 3-1-2011;102(3-4):251-258. View abstract.

Ludy, M. J., Moore, G. E., and Mattes, R. D. The effects of capsaicin and capsiate on energy balance: critical review and meta-analyses of studies in humans. Chem Senses 2012;37(2):103-121. View abstract.

Lundblad, L., Lundberg, J. M., Anggard, A., and Zetterstrom, O. Capsaicin pretreatment inhibits the flare component of the cutaneous allergic reaction in man. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 7-31-1985;113(3):461-462. View abstract.

Lundblad, L., Lundberg, J. M., Anggard, A., and Zetterstrom, O. Capsaicin-sensitive nerves and the cutaneous allergy reaction in man. Possible involvement of sensory neuropeptides in the flare reaction. Allergy 1987;42(1):20-25. View abstract.

Maoka, T., Akimoto, N., Fujiwara, Y., and Hashimoto, K. Structure of new carotenoids with the 6-oxo-kappa end group from the fruits of paprika, Capsicum annuum. J.Nat.Prod. 2004;67(1):115-117. View abstract.

Materska, M., Piacente, S., Stochmal, A., Pizza, C., Oleszek, W., and Perucka, I. Isolation and structure elucidation of flavonoid and phenolic acid glycosides from pericarp of hot pepper fruit Capsicum annuum L. Phytochemistry 2003;63(8):893-898. View abstract.

McCarthy, G. M. and McCarty, D. J. Effect of topical capsaicin in the therapy of painful osteoarthritis of the hands. J.Rheumatol. 1992;19(4):604-607. View abstract.

McCormack, P. L. Capsaicin dermal patch: in non-diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Drugs 10-1-2010;70(14):1831-1842. View abstract.

Medvedeva, N. V., Andreenkov, V. A., Morozkin, A. D., Sergeeva, E. A., Prokof'ev, IuI, and Misharin, A. I. [Inhibition of oxidation of human blood low density lipoproteins by carotenoids from paprika]. Biomed.Khim. 2003;49(2):191-200. View abstract.

Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. Pilot studies on stimulant effects of capsicum spices. Nutr.Metab 1972;14(4):245-254. View abstract.

Milke, P., Diaz, A., Valdovinos, M. A., and Moran, S. Gastroesophageal reflux in healthy subjects induced by two different species of chilli (Capsicum annum). Dig.Dis. 2006;24(1-2):184-188. View abstract.

Misra, M. N., Pullani, A. J., and Mohamed, Z. U. Prevention of PONV by acustimulation with capsicum plaster is comparable to ondansetron after middle ear surgery: [La prevention des NVPO par acustimulation avec un emplatre de Capsicum est comparable a celle de l'ondansetron apres une operation a l'oreille moyenne]. Can.J.Anaesth. 2005;52(5):485-489. View abstract.

Molina-Torres, J., Garcia-Chavez, A., and Ramirez-Chavez, E. Antimicrobial properties of alkamides present in flavouring plants traditionally used in Mesoamerica: affinin and capsaicin. J.Ethnopharmacol. 1999;64(3):241-248. View abstract.

Monsereenusorn, Y. and Glinsukon, T. Inhibitory effect of capsaicin on intestinal glucose absorption in vitro. Food Cosmet.Toxicol. 1978;16(5):469-473. View abstract.

Mori, A., Lehmann, S., O'Kelly, J., Kumagai, T., Desmond, J. C., Pervan, M., McBride, W. H., Kizaki, M., and Koeffler, H. P. Capsaicin, a component of red peppers, inhibits the growth of androgen-independent, p53 mutant prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 3-15-2006;66(6):3222-3229. View abstract.

Naidu, K. A. and Thippeswamy, N. B. Inhibition of human low density lipoprotein oxidation by active principles from spices. Mol.Cell Biochem. 2002;229(1-2):19-23. View abstract.

Nakamura, A. and Shiomi, H. Recent advances in neuropharmacology of cutaneous nociceptors. Jpn.J.Pharmacol. 1999;79(4):427-431. View abstract.

Niemcunowicz-Janica, A., Ptaszynska-Sarosiek, I., and Wardaszka, Z. [Sudden death caused by an oleoresin capsicum spray]. Arch.Med.Sadowej.Kryminol. 2009;59(3):252-254. View abstract.

O'Connor, A. B. and Dworkin, R. H. Treatment of neuropathic pain: an overview of recent guidelines. Am J Med. 2009;122(10 Suppl):S22-S32. View abstract.

Oboh, G. and Ogunruku, O. O. Cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress in brain: Protective effect of hot short pepper (Capsicum frutescens L. var. abbreviatum). Exp.Toxicol Pathol. 5-15-2009; View abstract.

Olajos, E. J. and Salem, H. Riot control agents: pharmacology, toxicology, biochemistry and chemistry. J.Appl.Toxicol. 2001;21(5):355-391. View abstract.

Oyagbemi, A. A., Saba, A. B., and Azeez, O. I. Capsaicin: a novel chemopreventive molecule and its underlying molecular mechanisms of action. Indian J Cancer 2010;47(1):53-58. View abstract.

Pagano, L., Proietto, M., and Biondi, R. [Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: reflections and drug-rehabilitative treatment]. Recenti Prog Med. 2009;100(7-8):337-342. View abstract.

Park, H. S., Kim, K. S., Min, H. K., and Kim, D. W. Prevention of postoperative sore throat using capsicum plaster applied at the Korean hand acupuncture point. Anaesthesia 2004;59(7):647-651. View abstract.

Park, K. K., Chun, K. S., Yook, J. I., and Surh, Y. J. Lack of tumor promoting activity of capsaicin, a principal pungent ingredient of red pepper, in mouse skin carcinogenesis. Anticancer Res. 1998;18(6A):4201-4205. View abstract.

Patane, S., Marte, F., Di Bella, G., Cerrito, M., and Coglitore, S. Capsaicin, arterial hypertensive crisis and acute myocardial infarction associated with high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone. Int.J Cardiol. 5-1-2009;134(1):130-132. View abstract.

Patane, S., Marte, F., La Rosa, F. C., and La, Rocca R. Capsaicin and arterial hypertensive crisis. Int J Cardiol. 10-8-2010;144(2):e26-e27. View abstract.

Reilly, C. A., Ehlhardt, W. J., Jackson, D. A., Kulanthaivel, P., Mutlib, A. E., Espina, R. J., Moody, D. E., Crouch, D. J., and Yost, G. S. Metabolism of capsaicin by cytochrome P450 produces novel dehydrogenated metabolites and decreases cytotoxicity to lung and liver cells. Chem.Res Toxicol. 2003;16(3):336-349. View abstract.

Reinbach, H. C., Martinussen, T., and Moller, P. Effects of hot spices on energy intake, appetite, and sensory specific desires in humans. Food Qual Prefer 2010;21:655-661.

Reinbach, H. C., Smeets, A., Martinussen, T., Moller, P., and Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. Effects of capsaicin, green tea and CH-19 sweet pepper on appetite and energy intake in humans in negative and positive energy balance. Clin Nutr. 2009;28(3):260-265. View abstract.

Reuter, J., Merfort, I., and Schempp, C. M. Botanicals in dermatology: an evidence-based review. Am J Clin Dermatol 2010;11(4):247-267. View abstract.

Rodriguez-Stanley, S., Collings, K. L., Robinson, M., Owen, W., and Miner, P. B., Jr. The effects of capsaicin on reflux, gastric emptying and dyspepsia. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 2000;14(1):129-134. View abstract.

Salgado-Roman, M., Botello-Alvarez, E., Rico-Martinez, R., Jimenez-Islas, H., Cardenas-Manriquez, M., and Navarrete-Bolanos, J. L. Enzymatic treatment to improve extraction of capsaicinoids and carotenoids from chili (Capsicum annuum) fruits. J.Agric.Food Chem. 11-12-2008;56(21):10012-10018. View abstract.

Sausenthaler, S., Koletzko, S., Schaaf, B., Lehmann, I., Borte, M., Herbarth, O., von Berg, A., Wichmann, H. E., and Heinrich, J. Maternal diet during pregnancy in relation to eczema and allergic sensitization in the offspring at 2 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(2):530-537. View abstract.

Sayin, M. R., Karabag, T., Dogan, S. M., Akpinar, I., and Aydin, M. A case of acute myocardial infarction due to the use of cayenne pepper pills. Wien.Klin.Wochenschr. 2012;124(7-8):285-287. View abstract.

Scheffler, N. M., Sheitel, P. L., and Lipton, M. N. Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy with capsaicin 0.075%. J.Am.Podiatr.Med.Assoc. 1991;81(6):288-293. View abstract.

Schmidt S, Beime B Frerick H Kuhn U Schmidt U. Capsicum Creme bei weichteilrheumatischen Schmerzen - eine randomisierte Placebo-kontrollierte Studie. Phytopharmaka und Phytotherapie 2004 - Forschung und Praxis 2004;26-28 February 2004, Berlin, 35

Schuurs, A. H., Abraham-Inpijn, L., van Straalen, J. P., and Sastrowijoto, S. H. An unusual case of black teeth. Oral Surg.Oral Med.Oral Pathol. 1987;64(4):427-431. View abstract.

Schweiggert, U., Kammerer, D. R., Carle, R., and Schieber, A. Characterization of carotenoids and carotenoid esters in red pepper pods (Capsicum annuum L.) by high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun.Mass Spectrom. 2005;19(18):2617-2628. View abstract.

Sharpe, P. A., Granner, M. L., Conway, J. M., Ainsworth, B. E., and Dobre, M. Availability of weight-loss supplements: Results of an audit of retail outlets in a southeastern city. J Am.Diet.Assoc. 2006;106(12):2045-2051. View abstract.

Shin, K. O. and Moritani, T. Alterations of autonomic nervous activity and energy metabolism by capsaicin ingestion during aerobic exercise in healthy men. J.Nutr.Sci.Vitaminol.(Tokyo) 2007;53(2):124-132. View abstract.

Smeets, A. J. and Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. The acute effects of a lunch containing capsaicin on energy and substrate utilisation, hormones, and satiety. Eur J Nutr 2009;48(4):229-234. View abstract.

Snitker, S., Fujishima, Y., Shen, H., Ott, S., Pi-Sunyer, X., Furuhata, Y., Sato, H., and Takahashi, M. Effects of novel capsinoid treatment on fatness and energy metabolism in humans: possible pharmacogenetic implications. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2009;89(1):45-50. View abstract.

Steffee, C. H., Lantz, P. E., Flannagan, L. M., Thompson, R. L., and Jason, D. R. Oleoresin capsicum (pepper) spray and "in-custody deaths". Am.J.Forensic Med.Pathol. 1995;16(3):185-192. View abstract.

Stephens, D. P., Charkoudian, N., Benevento, J. M., Johnson, J. M., and Saumet, J. L. The influence of topical capsaicin on the local thermal control of skin blood flow in humans. Am.J.Physiol Regul.Integr.Comp Physiol 2001;281(3):R894-R901. View abstract.

Bailey DG, Dresser GK, Leake BF, Kim RB. Naringin is a major and selective clinical inhibitor of organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2) in grapefruit juice. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 81:495-502. View abstract.

Bailey DG, Dresser GK, Munoz C, et al. Reduction of fexofenadine bioavailability by fruit juices. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;69:P21.

Bailey DG, Dresser GK. Grapefruit juice-lovastatin interaction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;67:690. View abstract.

Bailey DG, Spence JD, Munoz C, Arnold JM. Interaction of citrus juices with felodipine and nifedipine. Lancet 1991;337:268-9. View abstract.

Bailey DG. Fruit juice inhibition of uptake transport: a new type of food-drug interaction. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010;70:645-55. View abstract.

Bailey DG. Predicting clinical relevance of grapefruit-drug interactions: a complicated process. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2017 Apr;42(2):125-27. View abstract.

Bailey, D. G., Arnold, J. M., Bend, J. R., Tran, L. T., and Spence, J. D. Grapefruit juice-felodipine interaction: reproducibility and characterization with the extended release drug formulation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995;40(2):135-140. View abstract.

Bailey, D. G., Arnold, J. M., Munoz, C., and Spence, J. D. Grapefruit juice--felodipine interaction: mechanism, predictability, and effect of naringin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993;53(6):637-642. View abstract.

Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stamfer MJ. Beverage use and risk of kidney stones in women. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:534-40. View abstract.

Dahan A, Amidon GL. Grapefruit juice and its constituents augment colchicine intestinal absorption: potential hazardous interaction and the role of p-glycoprotein. Pharm Res. 2009 Apr;26(4):883-92. View abstract.

Dallas C, Gerbi A, Elbez Y, Caillard P, Zamaria N, Cloarec M. Clinical study to assess the efficacy and safety of a citrus polyphenolic extract of red orange, grapefruit, and orange (Sinetrol-XPur) on weight management and metabolic parameters in healthy overweight individuals. Phytother Res. 2014 Feb;28(2):212-8. View abstract.

Dallas C, Gerbi A, Tenca G, Juchaux F, Bernard FX. Lipolytic effect of a polyphenolic citrus dry extract of red orange, grapefruit, orange (SINETROL) in human body fat adipocytes. Mechanism of action by inhibition of cAMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE). Phytomedicine. 2008 Oct;15(10):783-92. View abstract.

Damkier P, Hansen LL, Brosen K. Effect of diclofenac, disulfiram, itraconazole, grapefruit juice and erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of quinidine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999;48:829-38. View abstract.

Demarles D, Gillotin C, Bonaventure-Paci S, et al. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of amprenavir coadministered with grapefruit juice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:1589-90. View abstract.

Desta, Z., Kivisto, K. T., Lilja, J. J., Backman, J. T., Soukhova, N., Neuvonen, P. J., and Flockhart, D. A. Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of cisapride in healthy volunteers and the effect of repeated administration of grapefruit juice. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2001;52(4):399-407. View abstract.

Di Marco MP, Edwards DJ, Wainer IW, Ducharme MP. The effect of grapefruit juice and seville orange juice on the pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan: the role of gut CYP3A and P-glycoprotein. Life Sci 2002;71:1149-60. View abstract.

Dresser GK, Bailey DG, Carruthers SG. Grapefruit juice-felodipine interaction in healthy seniors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;65:(abstract PIII-63).

Dresser GK, Bailey DG, Carruthers SG. Grapefruit juice-felodipine interaction in the elderly. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;68:28-34. View abstract.

Dresser GK, Bailey DG, Leake BF, et al. Fruit juices inhibit organic anion transporting polypeptide-mediated drug uptake to decrease the oral availability of fexofenadine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;71:11-20. View abstract.

Dresser GK, Kim RB, Bailey DG. Effect of grapefruit juice volume on the reduction of fexofenadine bioavailability: possible role of organic anion transporting polypeptides. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005;77:170-7. View abstract.

Dresser GK, Spence JD, Bailey DG. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic consequences and clinical relevance of cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition. Clin Pharmacokinet 2000;38:41-57. View abstract.

Ducharme, M. P., Warbasse, L. H., and Edwards, D. J. Disposition of intravenous and oral cyclosporine after administration with grapefruit juice. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;57(5):485-491. View abstract.

Ebert U, Oertel R, Kirch W. Influence of grapefruit juice on scopolamine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy male and female subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;38:523-31. View abstract.

Edgar, B., Bailey, D., Bergstrand, R., Johnsson, G., and Regardh, C. G. Acute effects of drinking grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics and dynamics of felodipine--and its potential clinical relevance. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992;42(3):313-317. View abstract.

Edwards DJ, Fitzsimmons ME, Schuetz EG, et al. 6',7'-Dihydroxybergamottin in grapefruit juice and Seville orange juice: effects on cyclosporine disposition, enterocyte CYP3A4, and P-glycoprotein. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;65:237-44. View abstract.

Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182

Erlund I, Meririnne E, Alfthan G, Aro A. Plasma kinetics and urinary excretion of the flavanones naringenin and hesperetin in humans after ingestion of orange juice and grapefruit juice. J Nutr 2001;131:235-41. View abstract.

Ershad M, Cruz MD, Mostafa A, Mckeever R, Vearrier D, Greenberg MI. Opioid toxidrome following grapefruit juice consumption in the setting of methadone maintenance. J Addict Med 2019;[Epub ahead of print]. View abstract.

Evans AM. Influence of dietary components on the gastrointestinal metabolism and transport of drugs. Ther Drug Monit 2000;22:131-6. View abstract.

Farkas D, Oleson LE, Zhao Y, et al. Pomegranate juice does not impair clearance of oral or intravenous midazolam, a probe for cytochrome P450-3A activity: comparison with grapefruit juice. J Clin Pharmacol 2007;47:286-94. View abstract.

Fingerova, H., Oborna, I., Petrova, P., Budikova, M., and Jezdinsky, J. [Does grapefruit juice increase the bioavailability of orally administered sex steroids?]. Ceska.Gynekol. 2003;68(2):117-121. View abstract.

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