PROPOLIS - Uses, Side Effects, and More

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Mathe, G., Orbach-Arbouys, S., Bizi, E., and Court, B. The so-called phyto-estrogenic action of Pygeum africanum extract. Biomed.Pharmacother. 1995;49(7-8):339-340. View abstract.

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McQueen, C. E. and Bryant, P. J. Pygeum. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1-15-2001;58(2):120-123. View abstract.

Mehrsai AR, Pourmand G, and Taheri M. Evaluation of the clinical and urodynamic effects of Pygeum africanum (Tadenan) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) [abstract]. Br J Urol 1997;80(suppl 2):227.

Abdel-Fattah, N. S. and Nada, O. H. Effect of propolis versus metronidazole and their combined use in treatment of acute experimental giardiasis. J Egypt.Soc Parasitol. 2007;37(2 Suppl):691-710. View abstract.

Al Shaher, A., Wallace, J., Agarwal, S., Bretz, W., and Baugh, D. Effect of propolis on human fibroblasts from the pulp and periodontal ligament. J Endod. 2004;30(5):359-361. View abstract.

Almas, K., Mahmoud, A., and Dahlan, A. A comparative study of propolis and saline application on human dentin. A SEM study. Indian J Dent.Res 2001;12(1):21-27. View abstract.

Amoros, M., Simoes, C. M., Girre, L., Sauvager, F., and Cormier, M. Synergistic effect of flavones and flavonols against herpes simplex virus type 1 in cell culture. Comparison with the antiviral activity of propolis. J Nat Prod. 1992;55(12):1732-1740. View abstract.

Bankova, V., Marcucci, M. C., Simova, S., and et al. Antibacterial diterpenic acids from Brazilian propolis. Z Naturforsch [C.] 1996;51(5-6):277-280. View abstract.

Banskota, A. H., Tezuka, Y., Adnyana, I. K., and et al. Cytotoxic, hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging effects of propolis from Brazil, Peru, the Netherlands and China. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;72(1-2):239-246. View abstract.

Bezuglyi, B. S. [Effect of the Propomix preparation on corneal regeneration]. Oftalmol.Zh. 1980;35(1):48-52. View abstract.

Black, R. J. Vulval eczema associated with propolis sensitization from topical therapies treated successfully with pimecrolimus cream. Clin Exp.Dermatol. 2005;30(1):91-92. View abstract.

Bosio, K., Avanzini, C., D'Avolio, A., and et al. In vitro activity of propolis against Streptococcus pyogenes. Lett Appl.Microbiol. 2000;31(2):174-177. View abstract.

Botushanov, P. I., Grigorov, G. I., and Aleksandrov, G. A. A clinical study of a silicate toothpaste with extract from propolis. Folia Med (Plovdiv.) 2001;43(1-2):28-30. View abstract.

Boyanova, L., Kolarov, R., Gergova, G., and Mitov, I. In vitro activity of Bulgarian propolis against 94 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobe. 2006;12(4):173-177. View abstract.

Brumfitt, W., Hamilton-Miller, J. M., and Franklin, I. Antibiotic activity of natural products: 1. Propolis. Microbios 1990;62(250):19-22. View abstract.

Chen, T. G., Lee, J. J., Lin, K. H., Shen, C. H., Chou, D. S., and Sheu, J. R. Antiplatelet activity of caffeic acid phenethyl ester is mediated through a cyclic GMP-dependent pathway in human platelets. Chin J Physiol 6-30-2007;50(3):121-126. View abstract.

Coelho, L. G., Bastos, E. M., Resende, C. C., Paula e Silva CM, Sanches, B. S., de Castro, F. J., Moretzsohn, L. D., Vieira, W. L., and Trindade, O. R. Brazilian green propolis on Helicobacter pylori infection. a pilot clinical study. Helicobacter. 2007;12(5):572-574. View abstract.

Cohen, H. A., Varsano, I., Kahan, E., Sarrell, E. M., and Uziel, Y. Effectiveness of an herbal preparation containing echinacea, propolis, and vitamin C in preventing respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Arch.Pediatr.Adolesc.Med. 2004;158(3):217-221. View abstract.

Crisan, I., Zaharia, C. N., Popovici, F., and et al. Natural propolis extract NIVCRISOL in the treatment of acute and chronic rhinopharyngitis in children. Rom.J Virol. 1995;46(3-4):115-133. View abstract.

De Vecchi, E. and Drago, L. [Propolis' antimicrobial activity: what's new?]. Infez.Med 2007;15(1):7-15. View abstract.

Debiaggi, M., Tateo, F., Pagani, L., and et al. Effects of propolis flavonoids on virus infectivity and replication. Microbiologica 1990;13(3):207-213. View abstract.

Dumitrescu, M., Crisan, I., and Esanu, V. [The mechanism of the antiherpetic action of an aqueous propolis extract. II. The action of the lectins of an aqueous propolis extract]. Rev Roum.Virol. 1993;44(1-2):49-54. View abstract.

Eley, B. M. Antibacterial agents in the control of supragingival plaque--a review. Br Dent.J 3-27-1999;186(6):286-296. View abstract.

Feiks FK. Topical application of propolis tincture in the treatment of herpes zoster. Third International Symposium on Apitherapy 1978;109-111.

Focht, J., Hansen, S. H., Nielsen, J. V., and et al. Bactericidal effect of propolis in vitro against agents causing upper respiratory tract infections. Arzneimittelforschung 1993;43(8):921-923. View abstract.

Freitas, S. F., Shinohara, L., Sforcin, J. M., and Guimaraes, S. In vitro effects of propolis on Giardia duodenalis trophozoites. Phytomedicine 2006;13(3):170-175. View abstract.

Gebaraa, E. C., Pustiglioni, A. N., de Lima, L. A., and Mayer, M. P. Propolis extract as an adjuvant to periodontal treatment. Oral Health Prev.Dent. 2003;1(1):29-35. View abstract.

Grange, J. M. and Davey, R. W. Antibacterial properties of propolis (bee glue). J R.Soc Med 1990;83(3):159-160. View abstract.

Hartwich, A., Legutko, J., and Wszolek, J. [Propolis: its properties and administration to patients treated for some surgical diseases]. Przegl.Lek. 2000;57(4):191-194. View abstract.

Higashi, K. O. and de Castro, S. L. Propolis extracts are effective against Trypanosoma cruzi and have an impact on its interaction with host cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 7-8-1994;43(2):149-155. View abstract.

Hsu, C. Y., Chiang, W. C., Weng, T. I., Chen, W. J., and Yuan, A. Laryngeal edema and anaphalactic shock after topical propolis use for acute pharyngitis. Am J Emerg.Med 2004;22(5):432-433. View abstract.

Ikeno, K., Ikeno, T., and Miyazawa, C. Effects of propolis on dental caries in rats. Caries Res 1991;25(5):347-351. View abstract.

Imhof, M., Lipovac, M., Kurz, Ch, Barta, J., Verhoeven, H. C., and Huber, J. C. Propolis solution for the treatment of chronic vaginitis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2005;89(2):127-132. View abstract.

Khalil, M. L. Biological activity of bee propolis in health and disease. Asian Pac.J Cancer Prev. 2006;7(1):22-31. View abstract.

Korkina, L. G. Phenylpropanoids as naturally occurring antioxidants: from plant defense to human health. Cell Mol.Biol (Noisy.-le-grand) 2007;53(1):15-25. View abstract.

Kosenko, S. V. and Kosovich, T. I. [The treatment of periodontitis with prolonged-action propolis preparations (clinical x-ray research)]. Stomatologiia (Mosk) 1990;69(2):27-29. View abstract.

Mahmoud, A. S., Almas, K., and Dahlan, A. A. The effect of propolis on dentinal hypersensitivity and level of satisfaction among patients from a university hospital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Indian J Dent.Res 1999;10(4):130-137. View abstract.

Maichuk, I. F., Orlovskaia, L. E., and Andreev, V. P. [The use of ocular drug films of propolis in the sequelae of ophthalmic herpes]. Voen.Med Zh. 1995;12:36-9, 80. View abstract.

Martinez, Silveira G., Gou, Godoy A., Ona, Torriente R., and et al. [Preliminary study of the effects of propolis in the treatment of chronic gingivitis and oral ulceration]. Rev Cubana Estomatol. 1988;25(3):36-44. View abstract.

Melliou, E. and Chinou, I. Chemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of Greek propolis. Planta Med 2004;70(6):515-519. View abstract.

Metzner, J., Bekemeier, H., Paintz, M., and et al. [On the antimicrobial activity of propolis and propolis constituents (author's transl)]. Pharmazie 1979;34(2):97-102. View abstract.

Miyares, C., Hollands, I., Castaneda C, and et al. [Clinical trial with a preparation based on propolis "propolisina" in human giardiasis]. Acta Gastroenterol.Latinoam. 1988;18(3):195-201. View abstract.

Montoro, A., Almonacid, M., Serrano, J., Saiz, M., Barquinero, J. F., Barrios, L., Verdu, G., Perez, J., and Villaescusa, J. I. Assessment by cytogenetic analysis of the radioprotection properties of propolis extract. Radiat.Prot.Dosimetry. 2005;115(1-4):461-464. View abstract.

Murray, M. C., Worthington, H. V., and Blinkhorn, A. S. A study to investigate the effect of a propolis-containing mouthrinse on the inhibition of de novo plaque formation. J Clin Periodontol. 1997;24(11):796-798. View abstract.

Oliveira, A. C., Shinobu, C. S., Longhini, R., Franco, S. L., and Svidzinski, T. I. Antifungal activity of propolis extract against yeasts isolated from onychomycosis lesions. Mem.Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006;101(5):493-497. View abstract.

Oncag, O., Cogulu, D., Uzel, A., and Sorkun, K. Efficacy of propolis as an intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis. Gen.Dent 2006;54(5):319-322. View abstract.

Poppe, B. and Michaelis, H. [Results of a twice-yearly controlled oral hygiene activity using a propolis-containing toothpaste (double-blind study)]. Stomatol.DDR. 1986;36(4):195-203. View abstract.

Przybylski, J. and Scheller, S. [Early results in the treatment of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease using intra-articular injections of aqueous propolis extract]. Z Orthop.Ihre Grenzgeb. 1985;123(2):163-167. View abstract.

Russo, A., Cardile, V., Sanchez, F., Troncoso, N., Vanella, A., and Garbarino, J. A. Chilean propolis: antioxidant activity and antiproliferative action in human tumor cell lines. Life Sci. 12-17-2004;76(5):545-558. View abstract.

Santana, Perez E., Lugones, Botell M., Perez, Stuart O, and et al. [Vaginal parasites and acute cervicitis: local treatment with propolis. Preliminary report]. Rev Cubana Enferm. 1995;11(1):51-56. View abstract.

Santos, V. R., Pimenta, F. J., Aguiar, M. C., do Carmo, M. A., Naves, M. D., and Mesquita, R. A. Oral candidiasis treatment with Brazilian ethanol propolis extract. Phytother Res 2005;19(7):652-654. View abstract.

Scheller, S., Tustanowski, J., Kurylo, B., Paradowski, Z., and Obuszko, Z. Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. III. Investigation of the sensitivity of Staphylococci isolated from pathological cases to ethanol extract of propolis (EEP). Attempts on inducing resistance in laboratory Staphylococcus strain to EEP. Arzneimittelforschung 1977;27(7):1395. View abstract.

Schmidt, H., Hampel, C. M., Schmidt, G., and et al. [Double-blind trial of the effect of a propolis-containing mouthwash on inflamed and healthy gingiva]. Stomatol.DDR. 1980;30(7):491-497. View abstract.

Sforcin, J. M., Fernandes, A., Jr., and et al. Seasonal effect on Brazilian propolis antibacterial activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;73(1-2):243-249. View abstract.

Silici, S. and Koc, A. N. Comparative study of in vitro methods to analyse the antifungal activity of propolis against yeasts isolated from patients with superficial mycoses. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2006;43(3):318-324. View abstract.

Siro, B., Szelekovszky, S., Lakatos, B., and et al. [Local treatment of rheumatic diseases with propolis compounds]. Orv.Hetil. 6-23-1996;137(25):1365-1370. View abstract.

Sroka, Z. The screening analysis of antiradical activity of some plant extracts. Postepy Hig.Med Dosw.(Online.) 2006;60:563-570. View abstract.

Steinberg, D., Kaine, G., and Gedalia, I. Antibacterial effect of propolis and honey on oral bacteria. Am.J.Dent. 1996;9(6):236-239. View abstract.

Tsarev, N. I., Petrik, E. V., and Aleksandrova, V. I. [Use of propolis in the treatment of local suppurative infection]. Vestn.Khir.Im I I Grek. 1985;134(5):119-122. View abstract.

Volpert, R. and Elstner, E. F. Interactions of different extracts of propolis with leukocytes and leukocytic enzymes. Arzneimittelforschung 1996;46(1):47-51. View abstract.

Afkhamizadeh M, Aboutorabi R, Ravari H, et al. Topical propolis improves wound healing in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: a randomized controlled trial. Nat Prod Res. 2018;32(17):2096-2099. View abstract.

Afsharpour F, Javadi M, Hashemipour S, Koushan Y, Haghighian HK. Propolis supplementation improves glycemic and antioxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Complement Ther Med 2019;43:283-8. View abstract.

Akbay E, Özenirler Ç, Çelemli ÖG, Durukan AB, Onur MA, Sorkun K. Effects of propolis on warfarin efficacy. Kardiochir Torakochirurgia Pol. 2017;14(1):43-46. View abstract.

Akhavan-Karbassi MH, Yazdi MF, Ahadian H, Sadr-Abad MJ. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of propolis for oral mucositis in patients receiving chemotherapy for head and neck cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016;17(7):3611-4. View abstract.

Amoros M, Lurton E, Boustie J, et al. Comparison of the anti-herpes simplex virus activities of propolis and 3-methyl-but-2-enyl caffeate. J Nat Prod 1994;57:644-7. View abstract.

Anon. Bee Propolis. MotherNature.com 1999. https://www.mothernature.com/library/books/natmed/bee_propolis.asp (Accessed 28 May 2000).

Antunes Moura RT, Bueno NB, Silva-Neto LGR, et al. Red propolis supplementation does not decrease acute respiratory events in stunted preschool children: A paired nonrandomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022;50:264-9. View abstract.

Arenberger P, Arenbergerova M, Hladíková M, Holcova S, Ottillinger B. Comparative Study with a Lip Balm Containing 0.5% Propolis Special Extract GH 2002 versus 5% Aciclovir Cream in Patients with Herpes Labialis in the Papular/Erythematous Stage: A Single-blind, Randomized, Two-arm Study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2017;88:1-7. View abstract.

Askari M, Saffarpour A, Purhashemi J, Beyki A. Effect of propolis extract in combination with eugenol-free dressing (Coe-PakTM) on pain and wound healing after crown-lengthening: A randomized clinical trial. J Dent (Shiraz). 2017;18(3):173-180. View abstract.

Bretz WA, Paulino N, Nör JE, Moreira A. The effectiveness of propolis on gingivitis: a randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2014;20(12):943-8. View abstract.

Bruyère F, Azzouzi AR, Lavigne JP, et al. A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy of a combination of propolis and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) (DUAB®) in preventing low urinary tract infection recurrence in women complaining of recurrent cystitis. Urol Int 2019;103(1):41-8. View abstract.

Buha I, Miric M, Agic A, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy of propolis and N-acetylcysteine in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022;26(13):4809-15. View abstract.

Cai T, Anceschi U, Tamanini I, et al. Xyloglucan, hibiscus and propolis in the management of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021;11(1):14. View abstract.

Cai T, Tamanini I, Cocci A, et al. Xyloglucan, hibiscus and propolis to reduce symptoms and antibiotics use in recurrent UTIs: a prospective study. Future Microbiol. 2019;14:1013-1021. View abstract.

Cho E, Lee JD, Cho SH. Systemic contact dermatitis from propolis ingestion. Ann Dermatol. 2011;23(1):85-88. View abstract.

Conte FL, Tasca KI, Santiago KB, et al. Propolis increases Foxp3 expression and lymphocyte proliferation in HIV-infected people: a randomized, double blind, parallel-group and placebo-controlled study. Biomed Pharmacother 2021;142:111984. View abstract.

Coutinho A. Honeybee propolis extract in periodontal treatment: a clinical and microbiological study of propolis in periodontal treatment. Indian J Dent Res. 2012;23(2):294. View abstract.

D'Ercole MC. Prolonged use of propolis can increase liver enzymes. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2020;29(3):468-9. View abstract.

Davoodi SH, Yousefinejad V, Ghaderi B, et al. Oral propolis, nutritional status and quality of life with chemotherapy for breast cancer: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Nutr Cancer 2022;74(6):2029-2037. View abstract.

El-Allaky HS, Wahba NA, Talaat DM, Zakaria AS. Antimicrobial effect of propolis administered through two different vehicles in high caries risk children: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;44(5):289-95. View abstract.

El-Sharkawy HM, Anees MM, Van Dyke TE. Propolis improves periodontal status and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis: A randomized clinical trial. J Periodontol. 2016;87(12):1418-1426. View abstract.

Li YJ, Lin JL, Yang CW, Yu CC. Acute renal failure induced by a Brazilian variety of propolis. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;46:e125-9. View abstract.

Nikbaf-Shandiz M, Tutunchi H, Khoshbaten M, Nazari Bonab H, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M. Propolis supplementation in obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: effects on glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, liver function, anthropometric indices and meta-inflammation. Food Funct. 2022;13(22):11568-78. View abstract.

Nyman G, Hagvall L. A case of allergic contact cheilitis caused by propolis and honey. Contact Dermatitis 2016;74(3):186-7. View abstract.

Nyman GSA, Tang M, Inerot A, Osmancevic A, Malmberg P, Hagvall L. Contact allergy to beeswax and propolis among patients with cheilitis or facial dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2019;81(2):110-6. View abstract.

Pahlavani N, Malekahmadi M, Sedaghat A, et al. Effects of melatonin and propolis supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and clinical outcomes in patients with primary pneumosepsis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Complement Med Res 2022. View abstract.

Park JY, Ko KA, Lee JY, et al. Clinical and Immunological Efficacy of Mangosteen and Propolis Extracted Complex in Patients with Gingivitis: A Multi-Centered Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2021;13(8):2604. View abstract.

Park YK, et al. Antimicrobial activity of propolis on oral microorganisms. Curr Microbiol 1998;36:24-8. View abstract.

Pina GM, Lia EN, Berretta AA, et al. Efficacy of Propolis on the Denture Stomatitis Treatment in Older Adults: A Multicentric Randomized Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:8971746. View abstract.

Piredda M, Facchinetti G, Biagioli V, et al. Propolis in the prevention of oral mucositis in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: A pilot randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2017;26(6). View abstract.

Ryu CS, Oh SJ, Oh JM, et al. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 by propolis in human liver microsomes. Toxicol Res 2016;32(3):207-13. View abstract.

Samadi N, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Rahmanian M, Askarishahi M. Effects of bee propolis supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile and insulin resistance indices in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Integr Med. 2017;15(2):124-134. View abstract.

Samet N, Laurent C, Susarla SM, Samet-Rubinsteen N. The effect of bee pollen on recurrent aphthous stomatitis. A pilot study. Clin Oral Investig 2007;11:143-7. View abstract.

Santos FA, Bastos EM, Uzeda M, et al. Antibacterial activity of Brazilian propolis and fractions against oral anaerobic bacteria. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;80:1-7. View abstract.

Santos VR, Gomes RT, de Mesquita RA, et al. Efficacy of Brazilian propolis gel for the management of denture stomatitis: a pilot study. Phytother Res. 2008;22(11):1544-7. View abstract.

Silveira MAD, De Jong D, Berretta AA, et al. Efficacy of Brazilian green propolis (EPP-AF®) as an adjunct treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Biomed Pharmacother 2021;138:111526. View abstract.

Silveira MAD, Teles F, Berretta AA, et al. Effects of Brazilian green propolis on proteinuria and renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Nephrol 2019;20(1):140. View abstract.

Soleimani D, Miryan M, Hadi V, et al. Effect of propolis supplementation on athletic performance, body composition, inflammation, and oxidative stress following intense exercise: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial. Food Sci Nutr 2021;9(7):3631-40. View abstract.

Soleimani D, Rezaie M, Rajabzadeh F, et al. Protective effects of propolis on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) evaluated by real-time two-dimensional shear wave elastography: a randomized clinical trial. Phytother Res 2021;35(3):1669-79. View abstract.

Soroy L, Bagus S, Yongkie IP, Djoko W. The effect of a unique propolis compound (Propoelix) on clinical outcomes in patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever. Infect Drug Resist. 2014;7:323-9. View abstract.

Szmeja Z, Kulczynski B, Konopacki K. [Clinical usefulness of the preparation Herpestat in the treatment of Herpes labialis]. Otolaryngol Pol 1987;41:183-8. View abstract.

Szmeja Z, Kulczynski B, Sosnowski Z, Konopacki K. [Therapeutic value of flavonoids in Rhinovirus infections]. Otolaryngol Pol 1989;43:180-4. View abstract.

Tsuchiya Y, Hirata N, Asama T, Osakabe N, Hirata K, Akagi R. Can a short-term daily oral administration of propolis improve muscle fatigue and recovery? Int J Sports Med. 2022;43(10):859-64. View abstract.

Varzaghani V, Sharifi M, Hajiaghaee R, et al. Propolis add-on therapy alleviates depressive symptoms; a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res 2022;36(3):1258-67. View abstract.

Vynograd N, Vynograd I, Sosnowski Z. A comparative multi-centre study of the efficacy of propolis, acyclovir and placebo in the treatment of genital herpes (HSV). Phytomedicine 2000;7:1-6. View abstract.

Zedan H, Hofny ER, Ismail SA. Propolis as an alternative treatment for cutaneous warts. Int J Dermatol 2009;48(11):1246-9. View abstract.

Zhang YX, Yang TT, Xia L, Zhang WF, Wang JF, Wu YP. Inhibitory Effect of Propolis on Platelet Aggregation In Vitro. J Healthc Eng. 2017;2017:3050895. View abstract.

Zhao L, Pu L, Wei J, et al. Brazilian green propolis improves antioxidant function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016;13(5). pii: E498. View abstract.