BUTTERBUR: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews

Overview

Butterbur (Petasites hybridus) is a shrub. Its large leaves were used to wrap butter during warm weather, giving it the name "butterbur".

Butterbur grows throughout Europe and parts of Asia. It's also now found in parts of the US. Butterbur contains chemicals that might relieve spasms and decrease swelling.

Butterbur is used for migraine, hay fever, asthma, and many other conditions, but there is no strong scientific evidence to support most of these uses.

Some butterbur products may contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). These chemicals can harm the liver and cause serious side effects. Do not use butterbur products unless they are certified as free of PAs.

Uses & Effectiveness

Possibly Effective for

Hay fever. Taking a specific butterbur leaf extract called Ze 339 (Tesalin, Zeller AG) by mouth seems to decrease nose discomfort in people with hay fever. This extract might work as well as 10 mg daily of cetirizine (Zyrtec) or 180 mg daily of fexofenadine (Allegra). But this extract doesn't seem to improve airflow, nasal and eye symptoms, or quality of life when taken for 2 weeks.
Migraine. Taking a specific butterbur root extract (Petadolex, Weber & Weber, GmbH & Co) by mouth over 16 weeks seems to help prevent migraines in both adults and children.

Possibly Ineffective for

Eczema (atopic dermatitis). Taking butterbur root extract by mouth doesn't reduce symptoms of eczema.

There is interest in using butterbur for a number of other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful.

Side Effects

When taken by mouth: Butterbur products that do not contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are possibly safe when used for up to 16 weeks. Side effects might include belching, headache, itchy eyes, diarrhea, upset stomach, and drowsiness.

Some butterbur products may contain PAs. These products are likely unsafe. PAs can damage the liver and lungs and possibly cause cancer. Do not use butterbur products unless they are certified as free of PAs.

When applied to the skin: There isn't enough reliable information to know if butterbur is safe to use or what the side effects might be. Butterbur products that contain PAs are likely unsafe when applied to broken skin. Do not use butterbur products unless they are certified as free of PAs.

Special Precautions and Warnings

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to know if butterbur is safe to use when pregnant or breast-feeding. Butterbur products that contain dangerous chemicals called pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are likely unsafe to use when pregnant or breast-feeding. PAs might cause birth defects and liver damage.

Children: Butterbur products that do not contain PAs are possibly safe when taken by mouth appropriately. There is some evidence that a specific PA-free butterbur rhizome extract (Petadolex, Weber & Weber, GmbH & Co) can be safely used for up to 4 months in children aged 6-17 years.

Allergy to ragweed and related plants: Butterbur may cause an allergic reaction in people who are sensitive to the Asteraceae/Compositae family. Members of this family include ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, daisies, and many others. If you have allergies, be sure to check with your healthcare provider before taking butterbur.

Liver disease: Butterbur might make liver disease worse. Don't take butterbur if you have liver disease.

Interactions

Moderate Interaction

Be cautious with this combination

Medications that increase break down of other medications by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inducers) interacts with BUTTERBUR
Butterbur is changed and broken down by the liver. Some drugs increase how quickly the liver changes and breaks down butterbur. This could change the effects and side effects of butterbur.

Dosing

Butterbur extracts have most often been used by adults in doses of 50-150 mg by mouth daily. Speak with a healthcare provider to find out what dose might be best for a specific condition.

Some butterbur products may contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). These products are likely unsafe. Do not use butterbur products unless they are certified and labeled as free of PAs.

View References

REFERENCES:

Imaizumi, M., Kondo, T., Kamei, H., and Ichihashi, H. [Cooperative studies on surgical adjuvant immunochemotherapy for prevention of postoperative recurrence of gastric cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1984;11(1):60-68. View abstract.

Imaizumi, M., Kondo, T., Kamei, H., and Ichihashi, H. [Cooperative study on surgical adjuvant immunochemotherapy for prevention of postoperative recurrence of gastric cancer (II). Cooperative study group on surgical adjuvant immunochemotherapy for prevention of postoperative recurrence of gastric cancer supported by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (Kondo's group]). Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1990;17(12):2397-2403. View abstract.

Ito, K., Nakazato, H., Koike, A., Takagi, H., Saji, S., Baba, S., Mai, M., Sakamoto, J., and Ohashi, Y. Long-term effect of 5-fluorouracil enhanced by intermittent administration of polysaccharide K after curative resection of colon cancer. A randomized controlled trial for 7-year follow-up. Int.J Colorectal Dis 2004;19(2):157-164. View abstract.

Kanoh, T., Matsunaga, K., Saito, K., and Fujii, T. Suppression of in vivo tumor-induced angiogenesis by the protein-bound polysaccharide PSK. In Vivo 1994;8(2):247-250. View abstract.

Kato, H., Yokoe, N., Takemura, S., Yoshikawa, T., Furukawa, Y., and Kondo, M. Effect of a protein-bound polysaccharide PS-K on the complement system. Res Exp.Med (Berl) 1983;182(2):85-94. View abstract.

Koda, K., Miyazaki, M., Sarashina, H., Suwa, T., Saito, N., Suzuki, M., Ogawa, K., Watanabe, S., Kodaira, S., and Nakazato, H. A randomized controlled trial of postoperative adjuvant immunochemotherapy for colorectal cancer with oral medicines. Int J Oncol 2003;23(1):165-172. View abstract.

Kojima, J., Kamata, T., and Monna, T. [Evaluation of immunochemotherapy in patients with primary liver cancer. Osaka Research Society for Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1987;14(1):179-187. View abstract.

Kondo, M., Kato, H., Yokoe, N., Matsumura, N., Hotta, T., and Masuda, M. Activation of the complement by immunostimulants, BCG, OK-432 (Picibanil), and PS-K (Krestin) in vitro. Gann 1978;69(5):699-702. View abstract.

Kudo, S., Tanaka, J., Kashida, H., Tamegai, Y., Endo, S., and Yamano, H. O. Effectiveness of immunochemotherapy with PSK, a protein-bound polysaccharide, in colorectal cancer and changes of tumor marker. Oncol Rep. 2002;9(3):635-638. View abstract.

Matsunaga, K., Iijima, H., and Kobayashi, H. Neonatal inoculation with the protein-bound polysaccharide PSK increases resistance of adult animals to challenge with syngeneic tumor cells and reduces azoxymethane-induced precancerous lesions in the colon. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9(12):1313-1322. View abstract.

Mitomi, T., Tsuchiya, S., Iijima, N., Aso, K., Suzuki, K., Nishiyama, K., Amano, T., Takahashi, T., Murayama, N., Oka, H., and . [Randomized controlled study on adjuvant immunochemotherapy with PSK in curatively resected colorectal cancer. The Cooperative Study Group of Surgical Adjuvant Immunochemotherapy for Cancer of Colon and Rectum]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1989;16(6):2241-2249. View abstract.

Morinaga, H., Tazawa, K., Tagoh, H., Muraguchi, A., and Fujimaki, M. An in vivo study of hepatic and splenic interleukin-1 beta mRNA expression following oral PSK or LEM administration. Jpn.J Cancer Res 1994;85(12):1298-1303. View abstract.

Nagao, T., Komatsuda, M., Yamauchi, K., Nozaki, H., Watanabe, K., and Arimori, S. Chemoimmunotherapy with Krestin in acute leukemia. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 1981;6(2):141-146. View abstract.

Nakajima, T., Inokuchi, K., Hattori, T., Inoue, K., Taguchi, T., Kondo, T., Abe, O., Kikuchi, K., Tanabe, T., and Ogawa, N. [A multi-institutional study on postoperative adjuvant immunochemotherapy of gastric cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1985;12(9):1850-1863. View abstract.

Nakajima, T., Inokuchi, K., Hattori, T., Inoue, K., Taguchi, T., Kondou, T., Abe, O., Kikuchi, K., Tanabe, T., and Ogawa, N. [Multi-institutional cooperative study of adjuvant immunochemotherapy in gastric cancer--five-year survival rate]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1989;16(4 Pt 1):799-806. View abstract.

Nakazato, H., Koike, A., Ichihashi, H., Saji, S., Danno, M., and Ogawa, N. [An effect of adjuvant immunochemotherapy using krestin and 5-FU on gastric cancer patients with radical surgery (first report)--a randomized controlled trial by the cooperative study group. Study Group of Immuno-chemotherapy with PSK for Gastric Cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1989;16(8 Pt 1):2563-2576. View abstract.

Niimoto, M., Hattori, T., Tamada, R., Sugimachi, K., Inokuchi, K., and Ogawa, N. Postoperative adjuvant immunochemotherapy with mitomycin C, futraful and PSK for gastric cancer. An analysis of data on 579 patients followed for five years. Jpn.J Surg 1988;18(6):681-686. View abstract.

Nishiwaki, Y., Furuse, K., Fukuoka, M., Ota, M., Niitani, H., Asakawa, M., Nakai, H., Sakai, S., and Ogawa, N. [A randomized controlled study of PSK combined immuno-chemotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the lung. The Advanced Lung Cancer Immuno-chemotherapy Study Group]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1990;17(1):131-136. View abstract.

Nomoto, K., Tsuru, S., Awane, Y., Kamei, H., Ishibiki, H., Sekiguchi, M., Tamada, R., Toge, T., and Nakajima, T. [Changes in nonspecific suppressor factors in the serum of gastric cancer patients after surgery and immunochemotherapy]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1986;13(3 Pt 1):458-463. View abstract.

Ogoshi, K., Satou, H., Isono, K., Mitomi, T., Endoh, M., and Sugita, M. Possible predictive markers of immunotherapy in esophageal cancer: retrospective analysis of a randomized study. The Cooperative Study Group for Esophageal Cancer in Japan. Cancer Invest 1995;13(4):363-369. View abstract.

Ogoshi, K., Tajima, T., Mitomi, T., Makuuchi, H., and Tsuji, K. HLA-A2 antigen status predicts metastasis and response to immunotherapy in gastric cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1997;45(1):53-59. View abstract.

Ohmura, Y., Matsunaga, K., Motokawa, I., Sakurai, K., and Ando, T. Protective effects of a protein-bound polysaccharide, PSK, against Candida albicans infection in syngeneic tumor-bearing mice via Th1 cell functions. Cancer Biother.Radiopharm. 2003;18(5):769-780. View abstract.

Ohno, R., Yamada, K., Masaoka, T., Ohshima, T., Amaki, I., Hirota, Y., Horikoshi, N., Horiuchi, A., Imai, K., Kimura, I., and . A randomized trial of chemoimmunotherapy of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in adults using a protein-bound polysaccharide preparation. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1984;18(3):149-154. View abstract.

Ohwada, S., Ikeya, T., Yokomori, T., Kusaba, T., Roppongi, T., Takahashi, T., Nakamura, S., Kakinuma, S., Iwazaki, S., Ishikawa, H., Kawate, S., Nakajima, T., and Morishita, Y. Adjuvant immunochemotherapy with oral Tegafur/Uracil plus PSK in patients with stage II or III colorectal cancer: a randomised controlled study. Br.J Cancer 3-8-2004;90(5):1003-1010. View abstract.

Ohwada, S., Kawate, S., Ikeya, T., Yokomori, T., Kusaba, T., Roppongi, T., Takahashi, T., Nakamura, S., Kawashima, Y., Nakajima, T., and Morishita, Y. Adjuvant therapy with protein-bound polysaccharide K and tegafur uracil in patients with stage II or III colorectal cancer: randomized, controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum 2003;46(8):1060-1068. View abstract.

Ohwada, S., Ogawa, T., Makita, F., Tanahashi, Y., Ohya, T., Tomizawa, N., Satoh, Y., Kobayashi, I., Izumi, M., Takeyoshi, I., Hamada, K., Minaguchi, S., Togo, Y., Toshihiko, T., Koyama, T., and Kamio, M. Beneficial effects of protein-bound polysaccharide K plus tegafur/uracil in patients with stage II or III colorectal cancer: analysis of immunological parameters. Oncol.Rep 2006;15(4):861-868. View abstract.

Pang, Z. J., Chen, Y., Zhou, M., and Wan, J. Effect of polysaccharide krestin on glutathione peroxidase gene expression in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Br.J Biomed Sci 2000;57(2):130-136. View abstract.

Sakamoto, J., Morita, S., Oba, K., Matsui, T., Kobayashi, M., Nakazato, H., and Ohashi, Y. Efficacy of adjuvant immunochemotherapy with polysaccharide K for patients with curatively resected colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of centrally randomized controlled clinical trials. Cancer Immunol.Immunother. 2006;55(4):404-411. View abstract.

Sakamoto, J., Nakazato, H., Ichihashi, H., Koike, A., Ohashi, Y., Tamura, H., Fujii, T., and Ogawa, N. [The minimization method in a medium size clinical trial. Study of immunochemotherapy with PSK in gastric cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1988;15(6):1935-1942. View abstract.

Shibata, M., Nezu, T., Kanou, H., Nagata, Y., Kimura, T., Takekawa, M., Ando, K., and Fukuzawa, M. Immunomodulatory effects of low dose cis-Diaminedichloroplatinum (cisplatin) combined with UFT and PSK in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer Invest 2002;20(2):166-173. View abstract.

Sugiyama, Y., Saji, S., Miya, K., Fukada, D., Umemoto, T., Kunieda, K., Takao, H., Kato, M., and Kawai, M. [Locoregional therapy for liver metastases of colorectal cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1996;23(11):1433-1436. View abstract.

Takahashi, Y., Mai, M., and Nakazato, H. Preoperative CEA and PPD values as prognostic factors for immunochemotherapy using PSK and 5-FU. Anticancer Res 2005;25(2B):1377-1384. View abstract.

Takashima, S., Kinami, Y., and Miyazaki, I. [Clinical effect of postoperative adjuvant immunochemotherapy with the FT-207 suppository and PSK in colorectal cancer patients. Colorectal Cancer Chemotherapy Group in Hokuriku]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1988;15(8):2229-2236. View abstract.

Tamada, R., Inokuchi, K., Hattori, T., Inoue, K., Taguchi, T., Kondo, T., Abe, O., Kikuchi, K., Tanabe, T., Nakajima, T., and . [A multi-institutional study on postoperative adjuvant immunochemotherapy of gastric cancer (II)]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1987;14(3 Pt 1):716-722. View abstract.

Toge, T. and Yamaguchi, Y. Protein-bound polysaccharide increases survival in resected gastric cancer cases stratified with a preoperative granulocyte and lymphocyte count. Oncol.Rep 2000;7(5):1157-1161. View abstract.

Tsujitani, S., Kakeji, Y., Orita, H., Watanabe, A., Kohnoe, S., Baba, H., Anai, H., Maehara, Y., and Sugimachi, K. Postoperative adjuvant immunochemotherapy and infiltration of dendritic cells for patients with advanced gastric cancer. Anticancer Res 1992;12(3):645-648. View abstract.

Albert KS, et al. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a drug interaction between kaolin-pectin and clindamycin. J Pharm Sci 1978 67:1579-82. View abstract.

Barros AB, Ferrão J, Fernandes T. A safety assessment of Coriolus versicolor biomass as a food supplement. Food Nutr Res 2016;60:29953. View abstract.

Chan SL, Yeung JH. Effects of polysaccharide peptide (PSP) from Coriolus versicolor on the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide in the rat and cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2006;44:689-94. View abstract.

Chay WY, Tham CK, Toh HC, et al. Coriolus versicolor (Yunzhi) use as therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients with poor liver function or who are unfit for standard therapy. J Altern Complement Med 2017;23(8):648-52. View abstract.

Bickel, D., Roder, T., Bestmann, H. J., and Brune, K. Identification and characterization of inhibitors of peptido-leukotriene-synthesis from Petasites hybridus. Planta Med. 1994;60(4):318-322. View abstract.

Levin, M. Herbal treatment of headache. Headache 2012;52 Suppl 2:76-80. View abstract.

Lovell, B. V. and Marmura, M. J. New therapeutic developments in chronic migraine. Curr Opin.Neurol. 2010;23(3):254-258. View abstract.

Man, L. X. Complementary and alternative medicine for allergic rhinitis. Curr Opin.Otolaryngol.Head Neck Surg. 2009;17(3):226-231. View abstract.

Mauskop, A. Nonmedication, alternative, and complementary treatments for migraine. Continuum (Minneap.Minn.) 2012;18(4):796-806. View abstract.

Moyad, M. A. Conventional, complementary, and alternative options for seasonal allergies. Urol.Nurs. 2008;28(3):227-228. View abstract.

Ross, S. M. Clinical applications of integrative therapies for prevention and treatment of migraine headaches. Holist.Nurs.Pract. 2011;25(1):49-52. View abstract.

Sadler, C., Vanderjagt, L., and Vohra, S. Complementary, holistic, and integrative medicine: butterbur. Pediatr.Rev. 2007;28(6):235-238. View abstract.

Schiapparelli, P., Allais, G., Castagnoli, Gabellari, I, Rolando, S., Terzi, M. G., and Benedetto, C. Non-pharmacological approach to migraine prophylaxis: part II. Neurol.Sci. 2010;31 Suppl 1:S137-S139. View abstract.

Shukla, R. and Sinh, M. Migraine: prophylactic treatment. J Assoc.Physicians India 2010;58 Suppl:26-29. View abstract.

Sun-Edelstein, C. and Mauskop, A. Alternative headache treatments: nutraceuticals, behavioral and physical treatments. Headache 2011;51(3):469-483. View abstract.

Sutherland, A. and Sweet, B. V. Butterbur: an alternative therapy for migraine prevention. Am J Health Syst.Pharm 5-1-2010;67(9):705-711. View abstract.

Taylor, F. R. Nutraceuticals and headache: the biological basis. Headache 2011;51(3):484-501. View abstract.

Tepper, S. J. Complementary and alternative treatments for childhood headaches. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2008;12(5):379-383. View abstract.

Anderson N, Borlak J. Hepatobiliary events in migraine therapy with herbs-The case of petadolex, A Petasites hybridus extract. J Clin Med. 2019;8(5):652. View abstract.

Anon. Petasites hybridus. Altern Med Rev 2001;6:207-9. View abstract.

Chojkier M. Hepatic sinusoidal-obstruction syndrome: toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Hepatol 2003;39:437-46. View abstract.

Danesch U, Rittinghausen R. Safety of a patented special butterbur root extract for migraine prevention. Headache 2003;43:76-8.. View abstract.

Danesch UC. Petasites hybridus (Butterbur root) extract in the treatment of asthma--an open trial. Altern.Med.Rev. 2004;9:54-62. View abstract.

Diener HC, Rahlfs VW, Danesch U. The first placebo-controlled trial of a special butterbur root extract for the prevention of migraine: reanalysis of efficacy criteria. Eur Neurol 2004;51:89-97. View abstract.

Food and Drug Administration. FDA Advises Dietary Supplement Manufacturers to Remove Comfrey Products From the Market. July 6, 2001. Available at: https://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/dspltr06.html.

Gex-Collet C, Imhof L, Brattstrom A, et al. The butterbur extract petasin has no effect on skin test reactivity induced by different stimuli: a randomized, double-blind crossover study using histamine, codeine, methacholine, and aeroallergen solutions. J Investig.Allergol.Clin Immunol. 2006;16:156-61. View abstract.

Gray RD, Haggart K, Lee DK, Cull S, Lipworth BJ. Effects of butterbur treatment in intermittent allergic rhinitis: a placebo-controlled evaluation. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004;93:56-60. View abstract.

Grossmann WM, Schmidramsl H. An extract of Petasites hybridus is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;38:430-5.

Holland S, Silberstein SD, Freitag F, et al. Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology 2012;78:1346-53. View abstract.

Jackson CM, Lee DK, and Lipworth BJ. The effects of butterbur on the histamine and allergen cutaneous response. Ann.Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004;92:250-54. View abstract.

Kaufeler R, Polasek W, Brattstrom A, et al. Efficacy and safety of butterbur herbal extract Ze 339 in seasonal allergic rhinitis: postmarketing surveillance study. Adv.Ther 2006;23:373-84. View abstract.

Lee DK, Carstairs IJ, Haggart K, et al. Butterbur, a herbal remedy, attenuates adenosine monophosphate induced nasal responsiveness in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2003;33:882-6.. View abstract.

Lee DK, Gray RD, Robb FM, et al. A placebo-controlled evaluation of butterbur and fexofenadine on objective and subjective outcomes in perennial allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2004;34:646-9. . View abstract.

Lee DK, Haggart K, Robb F M, and Lipworth BJ. Butterbur, a herbal remedy, confers complementary anti-inflammatory activity in asthmatic patients receiving inhaled corticosteroids. Clin.Exp.Allergy 2004;34:110-14. View abstract.

Lipton RB, Gobel H, Einhaupl KM, et al. Petasites hybridus root (butterbur) is an effective preventive treatment for migraine. Neurology 2004;63:2240-4. View abstract.

Mauz C, Candrian U, Luthy J, et al. [Method for the reduction of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from medicinal plant extracts]. Pharm Acta Helv 1985;60:256-9.

Melzer J, Schrader E, Brattström A, et al. Fixed herbal drug combination with and without butterbur (Ze 185) for the treatment of patients with somatoform disorders: randomized, placebo-controlled pharmaco-clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2009 Sep;23:1303-8. View abstract.

Oelkers-Ax R, Leins A, Parzer P, et al. Butterbur root extract and music therapy in the prevention of childhood migraine: an explorative study. Eur J Pain 2008;12:301-13. View abstract.

Ozarowski M, Przystanowicz J, Adamczak A. Phytochemical, pharmacological and clinical studies of Petasites hybridus (L.) P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. A review. Herba Polonica. 2013;59(4):108-128.

Pothmann R, Danesch U. Migraine Prevention in Children and Adolescents: Results of an Open Study With a Special Butterbur Root Extract. Headache 2005;45:196-203.. View abstract.

Pringsheim T, Davenport W, Mackie G, et al. Canadian Headache Society guideline for migraine prophylaxis. Can J Neurol.Sci 2012;39:S1-59. View abstract.

Roeder E. Medicinal plants in Europe containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Pharmazie 1995;50:83-98.

Schapowal A, Study Group. Treating intermittent allergic rhinitis: a prospective, randomized, placebo and antihistamine-controlled study of Butterbur extract Ze 339. Phytother Res 2005;19:530-37. View abstract.

Schapowal A. Petasites Study Group. Randomised controlled trial of butterbur and cetirizine for treating seasonal allergic rhinitis. BMJ 2002;324:144-6. View abstract.

Schapowal A. Butterbur Ze339 for the treatment of intermittent allergic rhinitis: dose-dependent efficacy in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Otolaryngol.Head Neck Surg. 2004;130:1381-86. View abstract.

Scheidegger C, Dahinden C, Wiesmann U. Effects of extracts and of individual components from Petasites on prostaglandin synthesis in cultured skin fibroblasts and on leucotriene synthesis in isolated human peripheral leucocytes. Pharm Acta Helv 1998;72:376-8. View abstract.

Sun-Edelstein, C. and Mauskop, A. Foods and supplements in the management of migraine headaches. Clin J Pain 2009;25(5):446-452. View abstract.

Thomet OA, Schapowal A, Heinisch IV, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of an extract of Petasites hybridus in allergic rhinitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2002;2:997-1006.. View abstract.

Wang YP, Yan J, Fu PP, Chou MW. Human liver microsomal reduction of pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides to form the corresponding carcinogenic parent alkaloid. Toxicol Lett 2005;155:411-20. View abstract.

WHO working group. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Environmental Health Criteria, 80. WHO: Geneva, 1988.

Ziolo G, Samochowiec L. Study on clinical properties and mechanisms of action of Petasites in bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive bronchitis. Pharm Acta Helv 1998;72:378-80. View abstract.

Alternative Treatments for Migraines

Migraine Relief With Infusion Therapy

Fast Relief From Migraines: CGRP Inhibitors

High-Frequency Episodic Migraine: More Than a Bad Headache

CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you.

This copyrighted material is licensed from Therapeutic Research Center, LLC. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version.
Licensed from Therapeutic Research Center, LLC
Copyright © 1995-2024 by Therapeutic Research Center, LLC. All Rights Reserved.

BUTTERBUR - Uses, Side Effects, and More